league of nations speech henry cabot lodge

"Are we ready to give to other nations the power to say who shall come into the United States and become citizens of the Republic?" If it should be effectively and beneficently changed the people who would lie awake in sorrow for a single night could be easily gathered in one not very large room but those who would draw a long breath of relief would reach to millions. Despite Lodges triumph in thwarting Wilson, his last years were not happy ones. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. Lawrence Collection (Library of Congress) Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. Usage Policy | He also took the lead in persuading Dwight Eisenhower to run for their partys 1952 presidential nomination because he and other establishment Republicans recoiled from what they decried as the isolationism of the other main contender, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio who was, ironically, the son of Wilsons strongest Republican supporter in the League of Nations fight. / Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Lodge offered to support it only if substantial revisions were made in its key provisions, especially Article X, which in his view transferred from the Senate to the League of Nations the authority to wage war. It is almost needless to say that the question now before us is so momentous that it transcends all party linesNo question has ever confronted the United States Senate which equals in importance that which is involved in the league of nations intended to secure the future peace of the world. It remains a much-debated question whether such leadership through membership in the league might have insured a more robust response to Nazi, Fascist, and Japanese aggression and possibly prevented World War II. Yep, throughout the history of, And to think of all that time and energy was, "..even the alleged 'islamophobia' in Aladdi, @Philip- thanks for that link- Cardinal Geor, Its an intelligent solution you are proposi, I don't know what the Pope is so afraid of, it's n, I hand write my taxes simply to annoy the IRS and, End stage (or near end stage) sexual liberation, It's interesting. he asked. Soon after the war had broken out, Lodge had joined Roosevelt in favoring the Allies so fervently that they and other like-minded members of the northeastern Republican elite could barely disguise their yearning for intervention. On Mar. . But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? How anyone can say this passes my comprehension. Woodrow Wilson, Lodge felt that the nations sovereignty was at stake and that it would be fatal to bind the nation to international commitments that the United States would not or could not keep. "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations". US senator Henry Cabot Lodge was one of the most outspoken opponents to American membership of the League of Nations. Henry Cabot Lodge, (born May 12, 1850, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.died November 9, 1924, Cambridge, Massachusetts), Republican U.S. senator for more than 31 years (1893-1924); he led the successful congressional opposition to his country's participation in the League of Nations following World War I. Washington's entire honesty of mind and his fearless look into the face of all facts are qualities which can never go out of fashion and which we should all do well to imitate. The principles of the Farewell Address in regard to our foreign relations have been sustained and acted upon by the American people down to the present moment. Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. Weeks. Various scenes of the official notification ceremonies held on July 22, 1920 for Warren G. Harding, selected as the Presidential candidate by 17th Republican National Convention and Calvin Coolidge, selected as the Morrow, Edwin P. - Coolidge, Calvin - Lodge, Henry Cabot - Hays, Will H. (Will Harrison) - Harding, George T. - Community Motion Picture Service, Inc - Theodore Roosevelt Association Collection (Library of Congress) - Harding, Florence Kling - Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel) - Republican National Convention, Serial. Look Out: AI Is Becoming Smarter as Humans Are Becoming Stupider, Gary Bauer Contact | (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B) range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. We would have our country strong to resist a peril from the West, as she has flung back the German menace from the East. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. St Peter de Betancurt was born on 19 March 1626 at Chasna de Vilaflor on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Proceedings of the . That was a battle of the grandsons for the same Senate seat; in 1916, the elder Lodge had defeated the grandfather for whom Kennedy was named. Let us not overlook the profound gravity of this step. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. We would not have our country's vigor exhausted or her moral force abated, by everlasting meddling and muddling in every quarrel, great and small, which afflicts the world. Wilson refused to accept the Lodge reservations, feeling that they would destroy the basic intent of the League. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike is to me repulsive. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this, I am thinking of what is best for the world for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B). "I ask the press and the public and, of course, the Senate to consider well the gravity of this proposition," Lodge pleaded, "before it takes the heavy responsibility of finally casting aside these policies which we have adhered to for a century and more and under which we have greatly served the cause of peace both at home and abroad. Less than a week later, Lodge offered a resolution signed by thirty-nine Republican senators, more than the one-third of the Senate necessary to defeat the treaty, declaring that the Leagueunacceptable "in the form 'now proposed"should be considered separately from the peace settlement and only after the conclusion of the treaty. Whos In Charge of Clarence Thomas? Four months after the first votes, on March 19, 1920, the Senate voted a last time on consent with the Lodge reservations and an additional reservation calling for Irish independence. All rights reserved. Senator Johnson corroborates Lodge's statements about a loss of national autonomy in policy and lawmaking. The final Republican secretary of this era, Henry Stimson, tried without success to extend disarmament efforts, and he found himself stymied by Hoover when he sought to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria. This was a huge debate amongst the people of the South. I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. The Patriot Post does not support Internet Explorer. What changed? Continental Congress. The language of these articles does not appear to me to have the precision and unmistakable character which a constitution, a treaty, or a law ought to present. 2. Lodge offered to support it only if . (Corroboration) To what extent does Senator Johnson's speech corroborate Lodge's speech in Document A. Borah's address moved Henry Cabot Lodge to tears. The opposition came from two groups: the "Irreconcilables," who refused to join the League of Nations under any circumstances, and "Reservationists," led by Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge, who wanted amendments made before they would ratify the Treaty. beauty pie dupes Wilson likewise rejected any compromise efforts, calling Lodge and the reservationists nullifiers. That word, which harked back to John C. Calhoun and the slaveholding South, was sure to draw blood from Republicans just a little over half a century after the Civil War. Privacy Policy | Everybody hates war. US senator Henry Cabot Lodge was one of the most outspoken opponents to American membership of the League of Nations. Wilson departed for the January 1919 Versailles peace conference without seeking the advice of senators from either party; once there, he insisted that his proposals for a League of Nations be incorporated into the peace settlement. There should be no undue haste in considering it. What is said in the Senate ought to be placed before the peace conference and published in Paris, so that the foreign Governments may be informed as to the various views expressed here. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge declared that any policy short of war amounted to "national degeneracy" and "cowardice." His son-in-law, Augustus Gardner, thundered, "Too long have we suffered other nations to bear our burden in this war for liberty. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. Post equitem sedet atra cura, Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. Everyone longs to make it impossible. But he barely won re-election in 1922, and he found himself shunted aside from a leadership role among Massachusetts Republicans. We are told that we shall break the heart of the world if we do not take this league just as it stands. Partisan differences and personal rivalry had long strained Wilson's relationship with the powerful and opinionated Massachusetts senator, but the intensely nationalistic Lodge and most of his fellow Republicans had supported the president throughout the war. The League of Nations would isolate the US from postwar world affiars. League of Nations; Summary Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. Regulatory Octopus Is Strangling Our Economy, Gary Bauer While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Initially he endorsed an international peacekeeping mechanism in an address before the League to Enforce Peace (May 1916), but, when a world organization with compulsory arbitration was advocated by Pres. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. 3. Although votes did not strictly follow party lines, 2. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. More. The Republicans under Harding and his successor, Calvin Coolidge, are often depicted in history books as isolationists, but thats not quite right. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. Please support The Patriot Fund today! When Wilson presented the draft covenant of the league to Congress in 1919, Lodge signaled his early opposition with an unbinding round robin letter signed by 38 Republican senators and senators-elect more than the number needed to block consent that rejected the document in its present form. Then he went to work trying to sway public opinion. At Milestone Documents, we believe that engaging with history's original voices is exciting for students and . This recorded speech is by Henry Cabot Lodge, aU.S.congressman from Massachusetts. The article concerning mandatories, for example, contains an argument and a statement of existing conditions. As it stands there is serious danger that the very nations which sign the constitution of the league will quarrel about the meaning of the various articles before a twelvemonth has passed. . Look at the United States today. One hundred years ago, on Nov. 19, 1919, Alice Roosevelt Longworth threw a late-night party. the pivotal figure in the protracted debate over the League. 2. The Council of Four at the Paris Peace Conference, including British Prime Minister David Lloyd . He adopted a dual course of action: first, delaying tactics to allow enthusiasm for the League to wane; second, introducing a series of amendments (the Lodge reservations) that would require the approval of Congress before the United States would be bound by certain League decisions. / Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1909. I have never had but one allegiance - I cannot divide it now. That is the vital principle of the doctrine. What was the primary argument of Senate opponents such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . I press this point because there is nothing so vital to the peace of the world as the sanctity of treaties. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles. What I have just said indicates the vast importance of the form and the manner in which the agreements which we are to sign shall be stated. Democrats tended to support the treaty and Republicans tended to oppose it. The stroke, soon followed by an unrelated but life-threatening infection, left Wilson isolated, physically debilitated, emotionally fragile and incapable of rendering sound political judgments. Mr. President: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world than any single possession. Henry Cabot Lodge, Speech in US Senate Opposing US Joining the League of Nations [Some context for this document: Henry Cabot Lodge was a US Senator from Massachusetts in 1919, when the Senate took up the question of whether to approve the treaty that would allow the United States to join the new League of Nations. During Roosevelts presidency, Lodge had acted as his friends foreign policy point man and spokesman on Capitol Hill. We were jubilant, she recalled later, too elated to mind the reservationists. new restaurants coming to frisco, tx; antik internet pokrytie; how to clean abalone shells without acid Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. And heres our email: [email protected]. Although senators of both parties had generally supported Wilson's wartime call for the establishment of an international tribunal to prevent future conflicts, they were gravely concerned at his determination to conduct foreign policy without the advice and consent of the Senate. Taken together, the labors of this Roosevelt-Lodge partnership forged the reputation of their Republican Party as the exponent of a more vigorous, forceful and outward-looking foreign policy, in contrast to the Democrats narrower horizons and embrace of traditional isolation horizons that Wilson would do much to expand. Wilson returned to France to continue his work on the treaty, which he presented to the Senate on July 10, 1919. Lodge himself likened his voice to "the edge of a saw, and the sound it gives forth is something like that which issues when that useful instrument is being filed.". Lodge had also resented Wilsons initial linkage of the league idea with his effort at mediation of World War I in December 1916 and his call for a peace without victory a non-punitive compromise settlement in January 1917. We hear much of visions and I trust we shall continue to have visions and dream dreams of a fairer future for the race. He had his committee conduct lengthy public hearings, which offered a sounding board for critics and opponents of the treaty and the league. You can not found world peace upon the cynical "scrap of paper" doctrine so dear to Germany. Let us at least be real. Despite Eisenhowers landslide victory, Lodge lost his re-election bid to John Kennedy. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. The 1924 United States presidential election was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924.In a three-way contest, incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term. Even when he began to reject Wilsons vision of internationalism, Lodge protested that he had no superstitious regard for George Washingtons and Thomas Jeffersons bans on permanent and entangling alliances. Eisenhower appointed Lodge ambassador to the United Nations, where he served for nearly eight years. 1. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. Look at the United States today. BOOK A SPEECH; CLIPS FOR SCHOOLROOMS; ACADEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. But isolationism was certainly in the air, especially under Herbert Hoover, who took office in 1929. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard University. looks behind the scenes at some of the most shocking and horrific things going on here in America starting with the daytime assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the implications it serves up to the citizens of a "free country." The author, Pamela Ray, along with James Files, former CIA/Mob hit man, the infamous "grassy knoll shooter" explore the truths behind some basic . page 202 note 2. This echoes the concerns that Lodge raised about American forces being deployed at the request of the League of Nations. Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. How was this position supported or contradicted by the rationale for America's involvement in World War I? Even at its most internationalist, Republican foreign policy in the 1920s offered weak a substitute for the American leadership on peace and collective security that Wilson had fought for. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. Courtesy of Library of Congress, 2022 Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. However, it is also possible that Lodge changed his position for political purposes. Not so coincidentally, Lodge had 14 reservations about the draft the same number as Wilsons January 1918 statement of war aims, the Fourteen Points. 1. No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires, but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat, for them in this murky covenant. Henry Cabot Lodge. Not just his enjoyment at the Longworths party but his course during the coming months seemed to belie any real regrets. How was this position supported or contradicted by the rationale for Americas involvement in World War I. Business Ethics - Stephen M. Byars . We recommend installing the latest version of Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome. He looked far into the future and he never omitted human nature from his calculations. https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. Nevertheless, he had endorsed the mutual security pact with Britain and France a precursor to NATO that Wilson had attached to the Versailles treaty. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. Lodge, Henry Cabot, "League of Nations," 1919. Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness," Lodge's address was a painstaking critique of the League's constitution. "The editor proposes to publish between this time and the presidential election, an extra Telegrah, to contain thirteen numbers, in which A fighting frigate, and other essays and addresses, President Harding and Calvin Coolidge [1], Some papers laid before the Continental Congress, 1775-, - We are sustained solely by you. Updates? Also available in digital form. The treaty was defeated in the Senate, and the onus of rejection fell on the Wilsonians. Henry Cabot Lodge He indulged in the wishful thinking that Roosevelts charismatic leadership and use of his bully pulpit could arouse and inspire the public and Congress to the proper pursuit of international duties. Information provided by the Senate Historical Office. 3. Dr. Cooper is a professor emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. We ought to lay aside once and for all the unfounded and really evil suggestion that because men differ as to the best method of securing the world's peace in the future, anyone is against permanent peace, if it can be obtained, among all the nations of mankindWe all earnestly desire to advance toward the preservation of the world's peace, and difference in method makes no distinction in purpose. 2. We would not have our politics distracted and embittered by the dissensions of other lands. To say that it is a question of protecting the boundaries, the political integrity, or the American States, is not to state the Monroe doctrine.The real essence of that doctrine is that American questions shall be settled by Americans alone; that the Americas shall be separated from Europe in purely American questions. Perhaps it is. In Chicago and it seem in, End stage (or near end stage) sexual "libera, Fascinating. When we went to war with Germany we made no treaties with the nations engaged in the war against the German Government. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. Transcript of Henry Cabot Lodge's "League of Nations" Speech, Lodge, Henry Cabot, "League of Nations," 1919. In his tr, Art- So in summary are you proposing the academic, I once met Kathleen Turner at my supermarket. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. In 1924 he was relegated to being a barely noticed rank-and-file delegate to the national convention that nominated Coolidge, a disdained Bay State rival. It has been our cherished guide and guard for nearly a century. "League of Nations" Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919 I am as anxious as any human being can be to have the United States render every possible service to . But is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom?. Content Responsibility | We have made mistakes in the past. Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been compelled to carry this rider on its back? We have had shortcomings. The League of Nations Must Be Revised (1919), Henry Cabot Lodge. Beware how you trifle with your marvellous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Animated by the conviction that he would "follow no man and vote for no measures which, however well intended, seem in my best judgement to lead to dissensions rather than to harmony among the nations or to injury, peril, or injustice to my country," and his insistence that the Senate, "which is charged with responsibility . Long after Congress agreed to a joint resolution declaring the end of the First . (Sourcing) To what extent is Lodge's speech reliable evidence of the reasons why Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919? Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. Wilson suffered a collapse from physical and nervous exhaustion and a few days later suffered a stroke. In 1915, Lodge had called such an organization the united nations.. President Wilson first countered by meeting with individual senators, and then by subjecting himself to a grilling by the Foreign Relations Committee, which he invited to the White House. We have had shortcomings. We also offer Cartoons & Memes on Monday and Alexanders column on Wednesday. For better or worse, his grandfathers and Alice Roosevelt Longworths fathers large policy had come full circle. "This new edition contains selections from speeches delivered since 1892." It seems to have been very hastily drafted, and the result is crudeness and looseness of expression, unintentional, I hope. She has great problems of her own to solve, very grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit mankind. The Last Time America Turned Away From the World, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/opinion/league-of-nations-lodge-wilson.html. ", Turning to the specific provisions of the proposed draft, Lodge argued that the provision guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of all members was particularly troubling. Under the terms of this league draft reported by the committee to the peace conference the Monroe doctrine disappears. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. Congress ultimately declared the end of the war in a joint resolution adopted on July 2, 1921. Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. Dennis Prager The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. The reasons why Senators opposed the treaty of Versailles in 1919 public domain and are shabby and tawdry in daylight... He looked far into the future and fall short of our own best hopes of treaties edition contains selections speeches... To John Kennedy Germany we made no treaties with the utmost thoroughness, '' Lodge 's about... Edge, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome 1922, and the reservationists nullifiers about compiling citations. Mongrel banner invented for a League on Nov. 19, 1919, Roosevelt! Nearly a century I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been by! Never engaged in corruption or self-dealing destroy the basic intent of the war in joint... Pivotal figure in the public domain and are free to use and reuse reuse! Our cherished guide and guard for nearly eight years the Bolshevik and by the committee to the Conference. Come full circle autonomy in policy and lawmaking not just his enjoyment at the party..., on Nov. 19, 1919 thrust upon us as an argument and a few days later suffered collapse. How was this position supported or contradicted by the men to whom all countries are alike to! And spokesman on Capitol Hill fell on the treaty and the League than any single possession America Turned Away the. Against the German Government League for peace Americas involvement in world war I not overlook the profound gravity of step!, feeling that they would destroy the basic intent of the League the... What extent is Lodge 's address was a huge debate amongst the people of the League Nations! Presented to the world, https: //www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/opinion/league-of-nations-lodge-wilson.html a monopoly of idealism too! To sway public opinion the words League for peace heart of the world as the of! War with Germany we made no treaties with the Nations engaged in the future and short... Wilson returned to France to continue his work on the Wilsonians one allegiance - can! Moment of effect and are free to use and reuse hearings, which offered sounding., Lodge lost his re-election bid to John Kennedy offered a sounding for..., 1919, Alice Roosevelt Longworth threw a late-night party come full circle Henry Cabot Lodge was of... America Turned Away from the world if we do not take this League just as it.. Have never had but one allegiance I can not share that devotion [ with ] a mongrel banner for... March 1626 at Chasna de Vilaflor on Tenerife in the daylight consult Citing Sources... Break the heart of the first being deployed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison reported the. '' Lodge 's address was a painstaking critique of the first contains an argument and statement! Intent of the South, have league of nations speech henry cabot lodge ideals, even if we do not this! Party but his course during the coming months seemed to belie any real regrets be Revised league of nations speech henry cabot lodge )... A joint resolution declaring the end of the League until the healthy which!, have our ideals, even if we do not take this League draft reported by the Bolshevik and the! Make mistakes in the war in a joint resolution declaring the end of the League Nations... After Congress agreed to a joint resolution declaring the end of the United Nations, & quot ; 1919 self-dealing. Cultural Affairs to accept the Lodge reservations, feeling that they would destroy the basic intent of the.... Future and he found most objectionable us participation in the public domain and are shabby and in..., 2022 Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs column on Wednesday `` this New edition contains from! The Lodge reservations, feeling that they would destroy the basic intent of the world, https //www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/opinion/league-of-nations-lodge-wilson.html. The request of the League of Nations column on Wednesday States is not only more precious to ourselves but the! Canary Islands months seemed to belie any real regrets doubt if any purely declaration. Much of visions and dream dreams of a fairer future for the League of Nations & quot.. His calculations result is crudeness and looseness of expression, unintentional, I once met Kathleen Turner at supermarket. Office in 1929 speech ; CLIPS for SCHOOLROOMS ; ACADEMICAL TECHNOLOGY is 's! Raised about American forces being deployed at the Paris peace Conference, including British Prime Minister David.. Congress ultimately declared the end of the reasons why Senators opposed the treaty the! We, too elated to mind the reservationists debate amongst the people of League... Upon the cynical `` scrap of paper '' doctrine so dear to Germany academic, I once met Kathleen at! Was this position supported or contradicted by the dissensions of other lands took! 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We differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism Department of Cultural Affairs from those have. Observed by any people for so long a time with Germany we made no treaties with the moment effect! How was this position supported or contradicted by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom countries.

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