One escapee died of wounds sustained during his rescue 15 days later. The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 and most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam; accordingly it suffered the most casualties. Although North Vietnamese and Viet Cong casualty counts vary wildly, it is generally understood that they suffered several times the number of American casualties. Another challenge was ensuring the accuracy of the names. (in PDF format, sorted alphabetically by last name of casualty) American Samoa Guam Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Canal Zone Alabama / Alaska / Arizona / Arkansas / California / Colorado / Connecticut / Delaware / Florida / Georgia / Hawaii / Idaho / Illinois / Indiana / Iowa / Kansas / Kentucky / Louisiana / Maine / Maryland / Massachusetts / Michigan / Minnesota / [45], Air force captain, Brian Wilson, who carried out bomb-damage assessments in free-fire zones throughout the delta, saw the results firsthand. Those who argue that the United States won the war point to the fact that the U.S. defeated communist forces during most of Vietnams major battles. The U.S. Constitution grants Congress sole authority to issue declarations of war. It will reveal banners at the bottom of existing photos indicating whether higher quality pictures are needed. The American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress sponsors the Veterans History Project, which includes detailed first-hand accounts of war experiences, including those of Vietnam veterans. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. Please note: U.S. Navy muster rolls/personnel diaries after 1971 utilize social security numbers and are subject to privacy restrictions. [citation needed] Black people often made up a disproportionate 25% or more of combat units, while constituting only 12% of the military. Once a master list was compiled, the names were checked manually for errors. By nearly every metric, the Vietnam War was, in the common sense of the word, a war. In the event a service members remains are returned or accounted for, then a diamond symbol is engraved over the plus sign. Doubek contacted the National Personnel Records Center, Archives and Records Service, in St. Louis, Mo. Ho Khang, ed, Marilyn Young. [103], On 9 August 2012, the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical from part of Da Nang International Airport, marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam. Corrections? The goal was to collect at least one photograph of each of the 58,281 Vietnam War service members whose names are inscribed on the Wall began in 2001. Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared theseVietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). Names can also be located on The Wall of Faces on VVMFs web site, www.vvmf.org/wall-of-faces, Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund | 3033 Wilson Blvd, Suite 300 | Arlington VA 22201 | 202.393.0090 An additional 232,000 military personnel were still missing as of 2017, a total of 1,081,000 dead and missing for the American War. The West Wall May 25, 1968 to May 15, 1975. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. The State of Indiana, Vietnam casualties list by county : list of names reported from Jan. 1, 1961 thru Mar. The personnel diaries include lists of officers in addition to the enlisted personnel. For the period of the Vietnam War the totals are 1,310,000 between 1955 and 1964, 1,700,000 between 196574 and 810,000 between 1975 and 1984. A 1975 US Senate subcommittee estimated around 1.4 million civilian casualties in South Vietnam because of the war, including 415,000 deaths. He received his B.A. The human costs of the long conflict were harsh for all involved. Since 1941 Congress has declared war only six times, all during World War II. No single persons service or sacrifice would be any greater than anyone elses. And they are so respectful when they do the engraving. [58] According to Guenter Lewy, the ARVN suffered between 171,331 and 220,357 deaths during the war. Chronological order by date of casualty allows friends and family members to pick out their loved one from all of the others with the same name. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam on a smaller scale, South Korea suffered more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen. He did so after a chance encounter at a VVMF event that brings a smaller replica of The Wall to communities across America. People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces attacked a U.S. 23rd Infantry Division night defensive position near c Ph Base Camp.In the four hour battle 29 PAVN and seven U.S. soldiers were killed. In January 1968, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) had launched its largest offensive of the conflict against American forces, beginning their attack on Jan. 30, the start of the Vietnamese holiday. Johnson raised the number of South Vietnam deployments to 23,000 U.S. soldiers by the end of his first year in office. In addition, at least 36,000 Southern civilians were executed for various reasons in the period 19671972. All would be represented equally, with generals listed alongside infantrymen. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. from Johns Hopkins and his MA and Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [1] State Lists of U. S. Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War Electronic Data Records Relating to Military Objectives and Activities During the Vietnam War Search Selected Vietnam War Electronic Records, through the Access to Archival Databases (AAD) Textual Records Relating to the Vietnam War [73][74], Historian Christian Appy states "search and destroy was the principal tactic; and the enemy body count was the primary measure of progress" in the US strategy of attrition. CASUALTIES BY AGE-ENLISTED History is not a fixed set of facts. . His life mattered. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Although the names are not listed alphabetically, it is not difficult for visitors to find a name on the Memorial. This led to increased racial tension in the military. EIN: 52-1149668, Copyright 2023 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Look up the name in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Vietnam War, Awards and Decorations of Honor, 1965-1972. A few years after the dedication, the issue of geographic criteria was expanded by DoD to include people who had been killed outside of the war zone while on or in support of direct combat missions. [62][63] Based on unit surveys, a rough estimate of 3040% of dead and missing were non-combat deaths. Another potential limitation is the relatively small sample size of the study. Your donation to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund will help expand our mission to honor, educate and heal. The panel number is a number/letter combination, such as 10W or 35E. The Wall of Faces gallery, an initiative of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, is now finally complete after more than two decades of research, the VVMF has announced. The U.S. estimated more than 100,000 PAVN killed in the offensive. Once additions are approved by DoD, VVMF receives the list of approved names, coordinates the inscribing and absorbs the costs. Alfred M. Gray Research Center The . The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. Rummel calculated PAVN/VC deaths at 1,062,000 and ARVN and allied war deaths of 741,000, with both totals including civilians inadvertently killed. Shelby Stanton, writing in The Rise and Fall of an American Army, declined to include casualty statistics because of their 'general unreliability.' Estimates of casualties of the Vietnam War vary widely. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black; black people only made up about 11% of the population of the US. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker ", Viet Cong and Peoples Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War, Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate, "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme", "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate", http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_prio_armed_conflict_dataset/, http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a032189.pdf, Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. I am grateful for each and every volunteer, each newspaper that agreed to do a story for a little lady from Hawaii. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Lewy reduced the number of Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) battle deaths claimed by the U.S. by 30 percent (in accordance with the opinion of United States Department of Defense officials), and assumed that one third of the reported battle deaths of the PAVN/VC may have actually been civilians. These numbers are not official statistics and are for informational purposes only. For weeks and weeks, a team worked through the list, verifying spellings and ensuring that the computer printout that was to be used for the stenciling was correct. Unfortunately, he mistakenly added a small number of names of men who were still alive. Per war: 191,605 deaths in the First Indochina War, 849,018 deaths in the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War), and 105,627 deaths in the Third Indochina War. newsletter for the best of the past, delivered every Monday and Thursday. A Korean War era soldier and later an attorney in Hays, Kansas, Richard became aware that the government had not made public a central source of information regarding the servicemen and women who died as a result of service in Vietnam. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial of Greater Rochester, which has found its home in Highland Park South, has been a place of great pride since its dedication on September 8, 1996. The process of letter of credit import payment methods. My Lai (4) and My Khe (4) (collectively the My Lai Massacre) claimed the largest number of victims with 420 and 90 respectively, and in five other places a total of about 100 civilians were executed. In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., inscribed with the names of 57,939 members of U.S. armed forces who had died or were missing as a result of the war. The costs and casualties of the growing war proved too much for the United States to bear, and U.S. combat units were withdrawn by 1973. Ambassador to Vietnam David Shear. These numbers do not include civilian and State of Vietnam/ARVN military deaths result from the communist collectivization and land reform in North Vietnam and mass-internment, the refugee crisis and subsequent exodus of Vietnamese people after the Fall of Saigon. Her book Bernard Montgomerys Art of War won a Silver Medal from the Military Writers Society of America. Estimates can include both civilian and military deaths in North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. [89], The total number of casualties, both KIA and non-hostile deaths, for drafted and volunteer service personnel (figures are approximated):[90], During the Vietnam War, 30% of wounded service members died of their wounds. [15][16][17] Walter Mead estimates that approximately 365,000 Vietnamese civilians to have died as a result of the war during the period of American involvement. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died in the war. troops. This group was made up almost entirely of either working-class or rural youth. Including 28 civilians, originally there were 52 missing civilians. During one review, Doubek found a glitch with the computer software: it did not recognize the spaces that appeared within a last name, such as van der Meide. Nor could it properly discern a compounded first name, such as Billy Bob, versus a traditional first and middle name. The nation's latest mass shooting happened in Dadeville, Alabama . According to RJ Rummel, from 1964 to 1975, an estimated 1,500 people died during the forced relocations of 1,200,000 civilians, another 5,000 prisoners died from ill-treatment and about 30,000 suspected communists and fighters were executed. [64] According to the Vietnamese government, from 1994 to 2012, 172,460 PAVN/VC bodies were found, including 15,989 in Cambodia, and 14,549 in Laos, and around 10,000 bodies were found from 2012 to 2015, reducing the number of MIA from 390,000 (1993) to 207,000 (2016). The first two names listed on Panel 1, East Wall, at the apex are from July 8, 1959. The Wall That Heals has a large-screen TV and slideshow, Hoehn said. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. [93][97], Civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, John Lewis, Muhammad Ali and others, criticized the racial disparity in both casualties and representation in the entire military, prompting the Pentagon to order cutbacks in the number of African Americans in combat positions. Genealogy of the descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, Genealogy of John Howe of Sudbury and Marlborough, Massachusetts, Ezekiel Cheever and some of his Descendants, Early Records and Notes of the Brown Family, Somerville High School Yearbooks 1892-2016. For those and a handful of other unique circumstances, Doubek made his own list of men who had died due to the injuries in the combat zonesnames that may have been listed by an individual service branch, but not by DoD. [99][100] In 2012 alone, unexploded ordnance and claimed 500 casualties in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, according to activists and Vietnamese government databases. According to statistics from the South Vietnamese Ministry of Health, 44.5% of civilians admitted to hospitals between 1967 and 1970 were wounded by mines or mortars, 21.2% by guns or grenades, and 34.3% by artillery or bombing. [72], The Phoenix Program, a counterinsurgency program executed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's security apparatus, killed 26,369 suspected of being VC operatives and informants. The panel numbers are inscribed at the bottom of each panel. Millions more come to experience this Memorial each year. Shelby L. Stanton, 'The Rise and Fall of an American Army,' Spa Books, 1989, xvi. The boat people's first destinations were the Southeast Asian locations of Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Seven massacres officially confirmed by the American side. The South Vietnamese government, on the other hand, fought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West. Nick Turse, in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves, argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as VC, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. Locate the corresponding panel at the Memorial. During and after the Vietnam War, the Department of Defense (DoD) compiled a list of combat zone casualties according to criteria in a 1965 Presidential Executive Order. [6], A 2008 study by the BMJ (formerly British Medical Journal) came up with a higher toll of 3,812,000 dead in Vietnam between 19552002. The decades-long Wall of Faces project, meant to humanize the names on the iconic Vietnam War memorial, is now complete. [24] Benjamin Valentino estimates 110,000310,000 deaths as a "possible case" of "counter-guerrilla mass killings" by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the war. The last 18 names listed on the bottom of Panel 1, West, also at the apex, are from May 15, 1975. Calculating U.S. In some instances, names needed to be shuffled in order to fit on a line. Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. For Reckinger, he was able to reconnect a veteran with a fallen comrade whose face might have been lost to time as old memories faded. "The Vietnam Wars." [48] In December 1966, the Blue Dragon Brigade reportedly perpetrated the Bnh Ha massacre. Search and destroy was a term to describe operations aimed at flushing the Viet Cong out of hiding, while body count was the measuring stick for operation success and this resulted in exaggeration and listing civilian deaths as enemy KIA. To obtain original copies of the records of this collection, contact the U.S. Department of Defense at: U.S. Department of Defense 1400 Defense Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20301-1400 703-571-3343 I was able to obtain a high school photo and then a military photo and provide it not only to the Wall of Faces but to the family as well.. For this figure, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported enemy killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of the VC and PAVN military forces was probably closer to 444,000. [93][94] With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in what had been its longest and most controversial war. She is currently pursuing a masters degree in military history. The west wall is on the left when standing facing the vertex, and the east wall is to the right. The result: no comprehensive master list of Vietnam War casualties existed. It was compiled by Jay Ebert, and used Tom Holloway's original database files as a starting point. Authority Record - NARA Records of the U.S. The United States committed some 550,000 troops to the Vietnam front at the height of the conflict, suffered more than 58,000 casualties, and engaged in battle after battle with communist forces in the region until its withdrawal in 1973. The names are listed in chronological order, according to the date of casualty. [2] for records of U.S. Army casualties documenting the period 1961-1981. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Through the years, the memorial has matured and developed into a unique place of tranquility and honor. Harper Perennial; September 1991. Operational Archives Branch [79], The total number of American personnel who were KIA or died non-hostile deaths, were enlisted personnel with a casualty number of 50,441. Her areas of interest include the Vietnam War and World Wars I and II, with a focus on Great Britain, Germany and Eastern Europe. In an effort to further preserve the legacy of those who sacrificed all in Vietnam, VVMF is committed to finding a photo to go with each of the more than 58,000 names on The Wall. Others think it is just another tourist stop until they feel the haunting power of this unique work of remembrance. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. has the names listed in chronological order by date of loss. According to a 2009 study, one third of land in the central provinces of Vietnam is still contaminated with unexploded mines and ordnance. He would become instrumental in helping Doubek identify names and check spellings. 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